6 results
The compensatorily-gained pigs resulted from feeding a methionine-deficient diet had more fat and less lean body mass
- R. M. Humphrey, Z. Yang, M. S. Hasan, M. A. Crenshaw, D. D. Burnett, J. K. Htoo, S. F. Liao
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- Journal:
- Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition / Volume 6 / 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2018, e6
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- 2018
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Compensatory gain describes an accelerated growth seen in animals following a period of nutrient restriction. Methionine (Met) is the second limiting amino acid in typical swine diets and is essential for muscle growth. This study was conducted to determine (1) if a Met-deficient diet can cause growth retardation in growing pigs, (2) if returning to a normal feeding can yield compensatory gain in the pigs previously fed the Met-deficient diet, and (3) if this Met-deficiency followed by the normal feeding program affects carcass characteristics. Twenty individually-penned crossbred young barrows were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments (n = 10). One Met-deficient (D1) and one Met-adequate (D2) diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal and fed to respective pigs for 31 days. After that, all pigs were fed the same commercial grower-finisher diet until market weight (around 125 kg), then slaughtered, and carcass characteristics measured. The D1 and D2 pigs began with similar body weights (23.5 vs. 23.6 kg; P = 0.935), but after 31-days on the dietary treatments, D1 pigs were lighter than D2 pigs (51.6 vs. 55.0 kg; P = 0.102). After feeding the normal diet for 55 days, D1 and D2 pigs had similar body weights (122.7 vs. 122.6 kg; P = 0.989). In terms of carcass characteristics, however, D1 pigs had thicker back-fat (at 10th rib; 2.95 vs. 2.51 cm; P = 0.015), heavier belly weight (11.0 vs. 9.6 kg; P = 0.005), lighter ham weights (untrimmed: 20.8 vs. 21.6 kg; P = 0.043; trimmed: 19.6 vs. 20.6 kg; P = 0.016), lighter picnic shoulder weight (8.72 vs. 9.80 kg; P = 0.041), lighter total lean cut weight (51.8 vs. 53.8 kg; P = 0.055), and lower lean cut percentage (56.4 vs. 59.0%; P = 0.012). These results indicate that the Met-deficient diet produced growth-retarded pigs, which showed compensatory gain after the normal feeding. At slaughter, the pigs previously fed the Met-deficient diet had more fat and less lean tissue than their non-deficient counterparts.
Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight genotypes of barley fed to growing pigs
- H. K. Spindler, R. Mosenthin, P. Rosenfelder, H. Jørgensen, K. E. Bach Knudsen, N. Sauer, J. K. Htoo, M. Eklund
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To determine chemical composition, physical characteristics and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA) in eight current hulled barley genotypes, an experiment with growing pigs has been conducted. These genotypes included Yool, Campanile, Lomerit, Travira, Anisette, Canberra, Metaxa and Fridericus. Growing barrows with an average initial BW of 30±2 kg were surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, and allotted to an 8×9 Youden square design with eight periods of 6 days each and nine pigs. Barley was the sole dietary source of CP and AA. On average, the eight genotypes contained on as-fed basis 10.7% CP, 15.2% total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 17.1% NDF and 4.1% β-glucan, and had a mean test weight (TW) of 72.2 kg/hl. The SID of CP in the barley genotypes varied from 69% to 74%, and was greater (P<0.01) for genotypes Travira, Anisette and Metaxa compared to Yool and Campanile. Standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met and Trp (P<0.05) but not of Thr differed between genotypes. Moreover, barley genotypes differed in their standardized ileal digestible content (cSID) of CP and AA. Furthermore, SID and cSID of CP and most AA linearly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing NDF and total sugar content. Standardized ileal digestibility of CP and some AA and cSID of CP and most AA decreased linearly with increasing TW (P<0.05). Additionally, SID and cSID of CP and AA of most barley genotypes were lower when compared to tabulated values. In conclusion, a comprehensive database on chemical composition and SID of CP and AA in eight current barley genotypes has been made available. However, as present SID values are lower compared to feed tables, adjustments are required to minimize the risk of overestimating the actual protein value of barley for pigs.
Effects of balancing crystalline amino acids in diets containing heat-damaged soybean meal or distillers dried grains with solubles fed to weanling pigs
- F. N. Almeida, J. K. Htoo, J. Thomson, H. H. Stein
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate if adjustments in diet formulations either based on total analysed amino acids or standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids may be used to eliminate negative effects of including heat-damaged soybean meal (SBM) or heat-damaged corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, four corn–SBM diets were formulated. Diet 1 contained non-autoclaved SBM (315 g/kg), and this diet was formulated on the basis of analysed amino acid concentrations and using SID values from the AminoDat® 4.0 database. Diet 2 was similar to Diet 1 in terms of ingredient composition, except that the non-autoclaved SBM was replaced by autoclaved SBM at 1 : 1 (weight basis). Diet 3 was formulated using autoclaved SBM and amino acid inclusions in the diet were adjusted on the basis of analysed total amino acid concentrations in the autoclaved SBM and published SID values for non-autoclaved SBM (AminoDat® 4.0). Diet 4 also contained autoclaved SBM, but the formulation of this diet was adjusted on the basis of analysed amino acids in the autoclaved SBM and SID values that were adjusted according to the degree of heat damage in this source of SBM. Pigs (160; initial BW: 10.4 kg) were allotted to the four treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed to pigs for 21 days. The gain to feed ratio (G : F) was greater (P<0.05) for pigs fed Diet 1 compared with pigs fed the other diets and pigs fed Diet 4 had greater (P<0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2. In Experiment 2, 144 pigs (initial BW: 9.9 kg) were allotted to four diets with eight replicate pens per diet. The four diets contained corn, SBM (85 g/kg) and DDGS (220 g/kg), and were formulated using the concepts described for Experiment 1, except that heat-damaged DDGS, but not heat-damaged SBM, was used in the diets. Pigs fed Diet 1 had greater (P<0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2, but no differences were observed for G : F among pigs fed diets containing autoclaved DDGS. Results demonstrate that the negative effects of heat damage of SBM or DDGS may be ameliorated if the reduced concentration and digestibility of amino acids in heat-damaged SBM or DDGS is taken into account in diet formulation. Further research is needed to improve the prediction of the ileal digestibility of amino acids in heat-processed ingredients used in practical diet formulations.
Bioavailability of methionine hydroxy analog-calcium salt relative to dl-methionine to support nitrogen retention and growth in starter pigs
- F. O. Opapeju, J. K. Htoo, C. Dapoza, C. M. Nyachoti
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This study assessed the efficacy of a calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA-Ca, 84%) relative to dl-methionine (dl-Met, 99%) in starter pigs. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1, N balance trial), 42 individually housed barrows (Genesus, average initial BW 19 kg) were used in two blocks of 21 pigs each with six replicates per treatment. Within each block, pigs were randomly allotted to seven diets: a methionine (Met)-deficient basal diet or the basal diet with three added levels of dl-Met (0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06%) or MHA-Ca (0.024%, 0.048% and 0.071%) on an equimolar basis. After a 7-day adaptation period, feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 days. Urinary and total N outputs decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with dl-Met or MHA-Ca supplementation. Nitrogen retention, expressed as g/day and as % of intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) with dl-Met and MHA-Ca supplementations. The relative efficacy of MHA-Ca to dl-Met was estimated to be 71.2% on a product-to-product basis for N retention expressed as % of intake. In Exp. 2 (performance trial), 280, 21-day-old crossbred (Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White)) pigs (eight pigs per pen, seven pens per treatment), were allocated to five diets in a completely randomized block design after a 10-day adaptation period. The Met-deficient basal diet contained 16.5% CP and 0.21% Met. Other diets were basal diet supplemented with two graded levels of dl-Met (0.04% and 0.08%) or MHA-Ca (0.062% and 0.12%) on a product basis at a dl-Met to MHA-Ca ratio of 65 : 100 at the expense of maize. BW and feed disappearance were monitored weekly for 3 weeks to determine performance. Final BW, average daily gain and average daily feed intake increased (P < 0.05) and feed to gain ratio decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of Met to the basal diet irrespective of the source. Overall, the N retention results of Exp. 1 showed that the average relative bioavailability of MHA-Ca to dl-Met to support N retention (% of N intake) was 71% on a product- to-product basis (85% on an equimolar basis). In Exp. 2, pig performance was not different when Met was supplemented in the Met-deficient diet at a dl-Met to MHA-Ca ratio of 65 : 100 on a product basis.
Methionine-hydroxy analogue was found to be significantly less bioavailable compared to dl-methionine for protein deposition in growing pigs
- A. K. Shoveller, S. Moehn, M. Rademacher, J. K. Htoo, R. O. Ball
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When methionine (Met) is limiting in swine diets, it is commonly supplemented by using anhydrous dl-methionine (DLM, 99% purity) or liquid dl-methionine-hydroxy analogue free acid (MHA-FA, 88% purity). The objective of this experiment was to test the null hypothesis that the bioavailability of DLM and MHA-FA were not different for growing pigs, using the indicator amino acid (AA) (phenylalanine, Phe) oxidation (IAAO) method in a slope-ratio assay. Six barrows (mean BW during study: 21.1 kg) received seven dietary treatments with all pigs receiving all diets in random order at an intake of 95 g/kg BW0.75. The basal diet (BD) contained analyzed content of 15.1% CP, 0.20% Met, 0.73% Phe and all other AA in excess of requirement. The BD was supplemented with three graded levels of DLM or MHA-FA on an equimolar basis. Dietary treatments only varied in Met content and included: (i) BD, (ii) BD + 0.034% DLM, (iii) BD + 0.054% DLM, (iv) BD + 0.086% DLM, (v) BD + 0.029% MHA-FA, (vi) BD + 0.078% MHA-FA and (vii) BD + 0.107% MHA-FA, as analyzed. Indicator AA oxidation was determined during 4 h studies, where pigs were fed half-hourly meals each equal to 1/32 of their daily feed allowance. Each meal was mixed with 258.7 kBq (s.e. 2.6) of l-[1-14C]Phe with a prime of 3.5 times the half-hourly dose added to the first meal. The slope of the decrease in IAAO calculated by linear regression analysis was greater (P = 0.012) for DLM supplementation (9.87 ± 1.450 per g, 1.488 ± 0.215% per mmol) than for MHA-FA (6.48 ± 0.89 per g, 1.107 ± 0.152% per mmol). The ratio of slopes indicated a bioavailability of MHA-FA on a product basis, relative to DLM, of 65.7%. Bioavailability on an equimolar Met basis, calculated from the ratio of the slopes was 74.4% for MHA-FA, relative to DLM. In conclusion, these results indicate that the metabolic bioavailability of MHA-FA for growing pigs is appreciably lower than that of DLM on both an equimolar and a product basis.
Divergent modulation of swine ileal microbiota by formic acid and methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid
- J. Apajalahti, M. Rademacher, J. K. Htoo, M. Redshaw, A. Kettunen
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Management of intestinal microbiota of monogastric animals has increased in importance since the ban of growth promoting antibiotics in many countries. Organic acids have been used as alternatives to antibiotics by many feed manufacturers. Regardless of the wide usage, the effect, dose response and mode of action of acids on intestinal microbes is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of three commonly used products, namely formic acid (FA) (90%), dl-methionine (DLM) (99%) and liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (88%), on ileal microbiota of pigs. Laboratory simulation system, mimicking swine ileum, was used to study the products at various concentrations and combinations. Furthermore, selected combinations were tested in a piglet trial to confirm the findings made in in vitro studies. FA turned out to have a dual effect on ileal microbiota. At concentrations below 0.5%, it significantly stimulated bacteria, but at higher inclusion rates it was highly inhibitory. This finding, which was consistent in in vitro and in vivo studies, implies that reducing the dose of FA does not lead to a diluted inhibitory effect, but in fact, an opposite, stimulatory effect on intestinal microbiota. It is highly important that feed compounders acknowledge this finding. Unlike FA, the inhibitory effect of methionine hydroxy analogue on ileal bacteria was linearly dose dependent and significant at inclusion levels above 0.2%, in vitro. Partial replacement of methionine hydroxy analogue by FA, or FA by methionine hydroxy analogue, led to an unpredictable outcome due to the dual effects of FA; e.g., a minor inclusion of added FA changed the inhibitory effect of methionine hydroxy analogue into microbial stimulation by FA. Inhibition of ileal microbiota by methionine hydroxy analogue was detected only in in vitro studies, suggesting that intact methionine hydroxy analogue may not have reached the ileum, in live animals. Therefore, if the target is to ensure the inhibitory effect of FA, the FA level in feed should be kept above 0.6%, and not reduced, if methionine hydroxy analogue is used as a methionine source instead of DLM. DLM was totally inert with regard to bacterial growth and metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo. The results of these studies reveal the importance of knowing how each acid product works. Inconsistent results in animal trials may have been partly due to quadratic dose–response effects of products, and unpredictable product combination effects.